| Foreword |
xv |
| Preface |
xvii |
| Acknowledgments |
xix |
| Chapter 1. Cellular Mechanisms of Chemotherapy |
1 |
| Introduction |
1 |
| Normal and Malignant Cell Growth |
1 |
| Immunology: Host Defense |
4 |
| Cellular Transformation to Malignancy |
6 |
| Growth Factor Receptors and Tyrosine Kinase Signaling in Cancer Cells |
6 |
| Histology of Cancer |
7 |
| Cancer Physiology |
8 |
| Goals of Chemotherapy |
9 |
| Evaluation of Response |
9 |
| Cell Cycle Specificity |
10 |
| Factors Affecting Chemotherapy Response |
13 |
| Summary |
15 |
| References |
15 |
| Chapter 2. Pharmacologic Principles of Chemotherapy |
19 |
| Introduction |
19 |
| Drug Resistance |
20 |
| Treatment Goals |
21 |
| Cell-Cycle Response of Chemotherapy |
22 |
| Classification of Antineoplastic Agents |
22 |
| Alkylating Agents |
22 |
| Toxicity of Alkylating Agents |
29 |
| Antimetabolites |
30 |
| Antimetabolite Toxicity |
30 |
| Antitumor Antibiotics |
31 |
| Biologic Agents |
32 |
| Hematopoietic Growth Factors |
32 |
| Hormones |
32 |
| Plant Alkaloids |
33 |
| Molecular-Targeted Therapies |
33 |
| Monoclonal Antibodies |
34 |
| Summary |
34 |
| References |
35 |
| Chapter 3. Principles and Standards of Chemotherapy Administration |
39 |
| Introduction |
39 |
| Safe Handling of Cytotoxic Agents |
39 |
| Latex Sensitivity |
43 |
| Work Practices |
43 |
| Hazardous Drug Spills |
44 |
| Accidental Exposure |
44 |
| Storage and Transport of Hazardous Drugs |
44 |
| Chemotherapy Disposal |
45 |
| Safe Handling Policies |
45 |
| Chemotherapy Preparation and Administration |
45 |
| Chemotherapy Preparation |
48 |
| Chemotherapy Administration |
48 |
| Vesicant Drug Administration |
50 |
| Chemotherapy Protective Agents |
52 |
| Patient and Significant Other Education and Support |
52 |
| Summary |
54 |
| References |
55 |
| Chapter 4. Targeted Therapy |
57 |
| Introduction |
57 |
| History and Evolution of Targeted Therapies |
58 |
| Side-Effect Management |
70 |
| Role of the Oncology Nurse in Targeted Therapy |
71 |
| Patient and Family Education |
72 |
| Summary |
72 |
| References |
7 |
| Chapter 5. Antineoplastic Agents |
77 |
| History |
77 |
| Abbreviations Used in Chapter 5 |
79 |
| Chemotherapeutic Agents |
81 |
| Hormonal Therapies |
263 |
| Biotherapeutics |
297 |
| Summary |
357 |
| Bibliography |
357 |
| Chapter 6. Chemotherapy Regimens |
363 |
| Introduction |
363 |
| Adenocarcinoma of Unknown Primary |
364 |
| AIDS-Related Cancers |
364 |
| Brain Tumors |
364 |
| Breast Cancer |
367 |
| Colorectal Cancer |
367 |
| Gastric Cancer |
37 |
| Genitourinary Malignancies |
378 |
| Gynecologic Malignancies |
379 |
| Head and Neck Cancers |
385 |
| Leukemia |
385 |
| Lung Cancer |
394 |
| Lymphoma |
395 |
| Melanoma |
404 |
| Multiple Myeloma |
404 |
| Pancreatic Cance |
404 |
| Sarcoma |
406 |
| Summary |
407 |
| References |
40 |
| Chapter 7. Botanical and Drug Interactions in Oncology |
427 |
| Introduction |
427 |
| Contraindications and Problems Associated With Herb-Drug Use |
428 |
| Summary |
454 |
| References |
454 |
| Chapter 8. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapy: An Overview |
463 |
| Defining Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapy |
463 |
| Background |
465 |
| CAM Use by Patients With Cancer in the United States |
469 |
| Patient Decision Making and CAM |
469 |
| CAM Evidence-Based Practice |
472 |
| Regulation |
474 |
| Reliable Resources for Cancer CAM Information |
475 |
| Future Trends in CAM |
475 |
| Summary |
477 |
| References |
477 |
| Chapter 9. Clinical Trials |
481 |
| Introduction |
481 |
| Institutional Review Boards |
483 |
| Drug Development Process |
484 |
| Informed Consent |
486 |
| Educational Resources |
487 |
| Summary |
487 |
| References |
488 |
| Chapter 10. Maximizing Outpatient Chemotherapy Reimbursement |
491 |
| Introduction |
491 |
| National Statistics |
491 |
| Historical Chronology |
492 |
| Response to the Changes |
495 |
| Hospital-Based Outpatient Centers |
496 |
| Pharmacy |
499 |
| Off-Label Drug Use |
501 |
| Denials |
502 |
| Restructuring a Billing System |
503 |
| Claims Submissions |
504 |
| Billing System |
504 |
| Continuing Education |
505 |
| Medicare Prescription Drug Plan |
505 |
| Summary |
508 |
| References |
509 |
| Chapter 11. Legal Issues in Chemotherapy Administration |
513 |
| Introduction |
513 |
| Sources of Law |
513 |
| Nursing Liability |
515 |
| Liability Issues for Nurses |
517 |
| Liability Regarding Chemotherapy Administration |
520 |
| Lack of Knowledge About Medication and Administration |
522 |
| Insufficient Patient Preparation and Monitoring |
522 |
| Regulatory Issues |
523 |
| Suggestions for Reducing Nurses’ Risk of Malpractice |
524 |
| Summary |
525 |
| References |
525 |
| Chapter 12. Vascular Access Devices |
527 |
| Introduction |
527 |
| Peripheral Access Devices |
529 |
| Central Vascular Access Devices |
529 |
| Tunneled Central Venous Catheters |
531 |
| Implanted Ports and Reservoirs |
533 |
| Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters |
535 |
| Alternative Administration Devices |
536 |
| Catheter Maintenance Procedures of Vascular Access Devices |
541 |
| Patient/Family Education Regarding Vascular Access Devices |
563 |
| Pertinent Documentation for Vascular Access Devices |
563 |
| Liability Issues and the Role of the Oncology Nurse |
565 |
| Research Questions |
565 |
| Summary |
566 |
| References |
566 |
| Chapter 13. Symptom Management |
571 |
| Introduction |
571 |
| Nausea and Vomiting |
572 |
| Anorexia/Cachexia |
580 |
| Mucositis |
582 |
| Taste Changes |
586 |
| Fatigue |
586 |
| Sleep-Wake Disturbances |
589 |
| Pain |
592 |
| Myelosuppression |
594 |
| Summary |
600 |
| References |
600 |
| Chapter 14. Psychosocial Support of the Patient Receiving Chemotherapy |
607 |
| Introduction |
607 |
| Support of Patients and Caregivers |
610 |
| Systems Theory for Support Group Development |
613 |
| Support Groups |
613 |
| Cancer Survivorship Issues |
616 |
| Physical and Psychosocial Challenges |
617 |
| Financial and Insurance Challenges |
618 |
| Employability and Legality Issues |
620 |
| Sexuality Challenges |
620 |
| Spiritual Challenges |
621 |
| Cultural Challenges |
622 |
| Summary |
623 |
| References |
623 |
| Chapter 15. Public and Professional Cancer Resources |
627 |
| Introduction |
627 |
| Public Resources |
628 |
| Professional Resources and Organizations |
633 |
| Related Professional Associations |
637 |
| Patient and Professional Information Resources Via the World Wide Web |
639 |
| Index |
643 |