| Chapter 1. Introduction |
1 |
| Introduction |
1 |
| Historical Perspective |
1 |
| Epidemiology |
1 |
| Risk Factors |
2 |
| Clinical Practice Implications |
2 |
| Summary |
3 |
| References |
3 |
| |
|
| Chapter 2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain and Spine |
5 |
| Introduction |
5 |
| Cells of the Central Nervous System |
5 |
| Overview of the Brain |
6 |
| Circulation |
9 |
| General Functions According to Lobes |
10 |
| Supratentorial Structures |
10 |
| Infratentorial Structures |
12 |
| The Spinal Cord |
13 |
| Summary |
15 |
| References |
15 |
| |
|
| Chapter 3. Patient Assessment |
17 |
| Introduction |
17 |
| Examination |
17 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
22 |
| Diagnostic Tests |
26 |
| Summary |
32 |
| References |
32 |
| |
|
| Chapter 4. Pathology, Histology, and Molecular Markers of Primary Brain Tumors |
35 |
| Introduction |
35 |
| Tumor Grading Classification Systems |
35 |
| Neuroglial Tumors (Gliomas) |
35 |
| Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors |
40 |
| Molecular Markers |
41 |
| Summary |
46 |
| References |
47 |
| |
|
| Chapter 5. Adult Cancers of the Brain and Spinal Cord |
51 |
| Introduction |
51 |
| Primary Central Nervous System Tumors |
51 |
| World Health Organization Classification System |
52 |
| Low-Grade Gliomas |
52 |
| Astrocytomas |
52 |
| Pseudoprogression |
53 |
| Oligodendrogliomas |
53 |
| Ependymomas |
54 |
| Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma |
54 |
| Secondary Brain Tumors—Brain Metastases |
55 |
| Leptomeningeal Disease |
57 |
| Paraneoplastic Syndromes: A Related Neuro-Oncologic Topic |
57 |
| Summary |
58 |
| References |
58 |
| |
|
| Chapter 6. Pediatric Cancers of the Brain and Spinal Cord |
63 |
| Introduction |
63 |
| Overall Incidence |
63 |
| Primary Tumors of the Brain in Childhood |
63 |
| Pediatric Spinal Tumors |
67 |
| Secondary (Transformative) Tumors of the Brain and Spine |
68 |
| Metastatic Central Nervous System Disease in Childhood |
68 |
| Leptomeningeal Spread of Central Nervous System Disease |
68 |
| Summary |
69 |
| References |
69 |
| |
|
| Chapter 7. Treatment Modalities: Surgical Treatments |
71 |
| Introduction |
71 |
| Brain Surgery |
71 |
| Spinal Surgery |
74 |
| Summary |
77 |
| References |
77 |
| |
|
| Chapter 8. Treatment Modalities: Chemotherapy |
79 |
| Introduction |
79 |
| Chemotherapy |
79 |
| Malignant Grades III and IV Primary Brain Tumors |
81 |
| World Health Organization Grades I and II (Low-Grade) Gliomas |
85 |
| Summary |
87 |
| References |
87 |
| |
|
| Chapter 9. Treatment Modalities: Radiotherapy |
91 |
| Introduction |
91 |
| Principles of Radiation Treatment |
91 |
| Primary Brain Tumors |
91 |
| Brain Metastases |
94 |
| Radiation Therapy Delivery Techniques |
95 |
| Radiation Therapy Process |
97 |
| Radiation Therapy Side Effects and Nursing Interventions |
98 |
| Summary |
101 |
| References |
101 |
| |
|
| Chapter 10. Special Considerations: Pediatric Therapeutic Modalities |
105 |
| Introduction |
105 |
| Surgical Considerations in Pediatric Patients |
105 |
| Radiation Therapy |
107 |
| Chemotherapy |
108 |
| Overview of Biologic Agents Used in Pediatrics |
108 |
| Symptom Management |
109 |
| Infants |
111 |
| Supporting the Family |
112 |
| Pediatric Palliative Care |
112 |
| Summary |
112 |
| References |
112 |
| |
|
| Chapter 11. Symptom Management and Psychological Issues |
115 |
| Introduction |
115 |
| Surgical Complications |
115 |
| Fatigue |
116 |
| Nausea and Vomiting |
122 |
| Changes in Cognition |
123 |
| Side Effects of Biotherapy and Chemotherapy |
124 |
| Corticosteroids |
125 |
| Psychological Issues |
125 |
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies |
126 |
| Family Caregiver Distress |
128 |
| Summary |
128 |
| References |
129 |
| |
|
| Chapter 12. Evidence-Based Practice: Where We Are Now |
135 |
| Introduction |
135 |
| Evidence-Based Practice |
135 |
| Preoperative Site Preparation |
136 |
| Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting |
137 |
| Pain and Craniotomy |
138 |
| Showering and Shampooing |
139 |
| Activity Level |
139 |
| Driving |
140 |
| Supportive Care Needs |
140 |
| Directions for the Future |
142 |
| Summary |
143 |
| References |
143 |
| |
|
| Index |
145 |