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Site-Specific Cancer Series: Breast Cancer

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Contents


Foreword ....................................................................................vii
Chapter 1. Introduction ..............................................................1
Overview .................................................................................1
Historical Perspectives .............................................................1
Epidemiologic Perspectives .....................................................2
Clinical Perspectives ................................................................3
Conclusion ...............................................................................4
References ...............................................................................4
Chapter 2. Risk Factors ..............................................................5
Introduction .............................................................................5
Types of Risk Utilized in Breast Cancer Risk Counseling ......5
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer ................................................6
Challenges in Risk Communication ......................................14
Nursing Implications ............................................................22
Conclusion ............................................................................23
References .............................................................................23
Chapter 3. Prevention and Detection of Breast Cancer .........27
Introduction ...........................................................................27
Detection Disparities .............................................................27
Primary Prevention ...............................................................28
Breast Examinations ..............................................................30
Breast Imaging .......................................................................34
Breast Biopsy .........................................................................40
Tertiary Prevention ................................................................43
Conclusion .............................................................................46
References .............................................................................47
Chapter 4. Pathophysiology and Staging of Breast Cancer ..51
Introduction ...........................................................................51
Anatomy and Physiology of the Breast .................................51
Classification .........................................................................52
Staging ...................................................................................57
Prognostic and Predictive Factors ..........................................59
Nursing Implications .............................................................62
References .............................................................................62
Chapter 5. Local and Regional Control ..................................63
Introduction ...........................................................................63
Surgery ..................................................................................64
Radiation Therapy ..................................................................70
Breast Reconstruction ............................................................73
Prophylactic Surgery .............................................................78
Conclusion .............................................................................78
References .............................................................................78
Chapter 6. Breast Restoration With Prostheses .....................81
Introduction ...........................................................................81
Body Image ............................................................................81
Prostheses ..............................................................................81
Conclusion .............................................................................89
References .............................................................................89
Chapter 7. Systemic Treatment ................................................91
Introduction ...........................................................................91
Endocrine Therapy .................................................................91
Chemotherapy ........................................................................95
Early-Stage Breast Cancers ...................................................99
Locally Advanced and Inflammatory Breast Cancers .........100
Metastatic Breast Cancer .....................................................101
Breast Cancer in Select Populations ....................................102
New Agents and Future Directions ......................................103
Conclusion ...........................................................................103
References ...........................................................................103
Chapter 8. Symptom Management in Breast Cancer ..........105
Introduction .........................................................................105
Surgical Complications ........................................................105
Lymphedema .......................................................................108
Radiation Skin Changes ......................................................112
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting ....................113
Cancer-Related Fatigue ........................................................118
Cognitive Dysfunction .........................................................119
Menopausal Effects of Breast Cancer Treatment ................121
Conclusion ...........................................................................123
References ...........................................................................124
Chapter 9. Psychosocial Issues ..............................................131
Introduction .........................................................................131
Overview .............................................................................131
 
Assessment of Psychosocial Functioning ............................133
Psychosocial Concerns Across the Cancer Trajectory .........134
Information Seeking and Treatment Decision Making ........138
Interventions to Promote Psychosocial Health ....................140
Supportive Measures for Specific Problems ........................142
Pharmacologic Management ..............................................144
Family and Social Issues ......................................................144
Therapeutic Strategies .........................................................148
Conclusion ...........................................................................149
References ...........................................................................149
Chapter 10. Breast Cancer Research in the United States:
Nursing Contributions 2000–2005 ......................................		151
Introduction .........................................................................151
Methodology .......................................................................151
Nursing Research in Breast Cancer .....................................152
Critique of Impact of Nursing Research on Cancer Care ....157
Limitations ...........................................................................158
Conclusion ...........................................................................158
References ...........................................................................158
Appendices ...............................................................................161
Index ......................................................................................... 171