The Human Papillomavirus Vaccine and Prevention of Cervical Cancer

Although the use of Pap smears has contributed to a sharp decline in cervical cancer incidence over the past 50 years, more than 9,700 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2007 (Jemal et al., 2007). When detected at an early stage, cervical cancer can be treated effectively. Cervical cancer diagnosed at an advanced stage may be fatal; 3,700 women die from cervical cancer in the United States each year (Jemal et al.). Socioeconomic and racial disparities exist with respect to cervical cancer incidence and mortality; for example, the mortality rate of African American women is more than double that of Caucasians (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2006). Researchers estimate that the cost of cervical cancer treatment in the United States is $146.6 million per year, while the annual cost of treating precancerous cervical lesions is $3.6 billion (Chesson, Blandford, Gift, Tao, & Irwin, 2004).

Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most significant risk factor for developing cervical cancer (Franco & Harper, 2005). Each year in the United States, 6.2 million people are infected with HPV and at least 50% of sexually active people are estimated to become infected with HPV at some time in their lives (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2006). In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration licensed the first HPV vaccine for females ages 9–26 years. Gardasil^® (Merck), given through a series of three injections over a six-month time period, protects against four HPV types, which together cause 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. The HPV vaccination does not eliminate the need for annual Pap tests and does not treat existing HPV infections, genital warts, precancers, or cancers (CDC, 2006).

• Oncology nurses provide comprehensive education to individuals and families about cervical cancer prevention and early detection, including education on safer sexual practices, the HPV vaccine, and the importance of annual Pap tests.
• The decision to vaccinate a female under the age of 18 with the HPV vaccine is made by her parents or legal guardians in consultation with the family’s pediatrician or other healthcare providers.
• Private and public sector payers provide full coverage for the HPV vaccine
• Federal programs, such as Vaccines for Children, that support vaccinations for children receive increased funding to provide free vaccines, including the HPV vaccine.
• Awareness campaigns and other efforts to educate the public about availability of the HPV vaccine be undertaken and funded by state and federal governments to ensure that parents can make informed decisions about whether their daughters should receive the vaccine.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). HPV vaccine questions and answers. Retrieved July 25, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-vaccine.htm

Chesson, H.W., Blandford, J.M., Gift, T.L., Tao, G., & Irwin, K.L. (2004). The estimated direct cost of sexually transmitted diseases among American youth, 2000. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 36(1), 11–19.

Franco, E.L., & Harper, D.M. (2005). Vaccination against human papillomavirus infection: A new paradigm in cervical cancer control. Vaccine, 23(17–18), 2388–2394.

Jemal, A., Siegel, R., Ward, E., Murray, T., Xu, J., & Thun, M.J. (2007). Cancer statistics, 2007. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 57(1), 43–66.

U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group. (2006). United States cancer statistics: 2003 incidence and mortality. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Cancer Institute.

Approved by the ONS Board of Directors, 10/07.

To obtain copies of this or any ONS position, contact the Customer Service Center at the ONS National Office at 125 Enterprise
Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15275-1214 (866-257-4ONS; customer.service@ons.org). Positions also may be downloaded from the ONS
Web site (www.ons.org).