Lavigne, J.E., Heckler, C., Mathews, J.L., Palesh, O., Kirshner, J.J., Lord, R., . . . Mustian, K. (2012). A randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial of gabapentin 300 versus 900 mg versus placebo for anxiety symptoms in breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 136, 479–486.
To compare the efficacy of gabapentin 300 mg and 900 mg for controlling anxiety symptoms among breast cancer survivors
Patients were randomly assigned to receive 300 mg or 900 mg of gabapentin or placebo daily. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, four weeks, and eight weeks.
Patients were undergoing the transition phase of care after initial treatment.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trial design was used.
At four weeks, patients on gabapentin showed significant reduction in anxiety scores (p = 0.005). Patients with the highest baseline anxiety scores had the greatest improvement, and those with low anxiety levels had little change. These patterns were maintained at the eight-week follow-up. The greatest improvement in anxiety was seen in those getting 300 mg of gabapentin. Anxiety scores of those on placebo also declined, but changes were not significant.
Gabapentin 300 mg daily was effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety in these breast cancer survivors.
This study demonstrated that 300 mg of gabapentin daily was effective in controlling anxiety symptoms among breast cancer survivors who had been experiencing hot flashes and had relatively high baseline anxiety. Gabapentin is currently off label in psychiatry to treat anxiety symptoms and commonly used to treat hot flashes and neuropathic pain in breast cancer survivors. As shown in other research, improvement in anxiety symptoms tends to be found in patients who have clinically relevant levels of anxiety to begin with. Nurses can consider and advocate for use of gabapentin to manage anxiety in these patients.
Lauritano, D., Petruzzi, M., Di Stasio, D., & Lucchese, A. (2014). Clinical effectiveness of palifermin in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: A case-control study. International Journal of Oral Science, 6, 27–30.
To evaluate the efficacy of palifermin, an N-terminal truncated version of endogenous keratinocyte growth factor, in the control of oral mucositis during antiblastic therapy for pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Twenty patients received palifermin and other 20 patients didn’t. The palifermin group received a 60 mg/kg IV bolus per day for three consecutive days before and three consecutive days after transplant (a total of six doses). All patients were evaluated for 30 days.
Case-controlled study
This study demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the duration of parenteral nutrition (p = .002), duration of mucositis (p = .003), and the average grade of mucositis (p = .03). Other measures were not significant. The statistical analysis showed that the drug decreased the severity of mucositis.
These data suggest that palifermin could be a valid therapeutic adjuvant to improve quality of life for pediatric patients with leukemia.
Palifermin decreased the duration of oral mucositis in pediatric patients being treated for leukemia. Nurses should be aware that this intervention may compliment other interventions to reduce oral mucositis in this population.
Laudenslager, M.L., Simoneau, T.L., Kilbourn, K., Natvig, C., Philips, S., Spradley, J., . . . Mikulich-Gilbertson, S.K. (2015). A randomized control trial of a psychosocial intervention for caregivers of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: Effects on distress. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 50, 1110–1118.
To determine if a modified cognitive behavioral stress management program would have a beneficial effect for caregivers on stress reduction
Caregivers were randomized to either the experimental intervention or usual care groups. The experimental intervention consisted of eight one on one sessions with a social worker beginning post-transplantation and continued weekly prior to evaluation at three months. Sessions were psychoeducational in nature, including coping skills training, health behaviors, improving partner communication, and relaxation as well as other components. Caregivers in the experimental group were given a biofeedback device and asked to use it four to five times weekly to facilitate relaxation. All caregivers from both study groups were encouraged to participate in programs at the facility designed to provide support for patients, families, and caregivers. Study data were obtained at baseline, one month, and three months.
Randomized, controlled trial
Baseline results showed higher than normal perceived stress, clinically relevant levels of depression, elevated anxiety, and poor sleep in caregivers. Caregivers in the intervention group had lower stress at three months (p = 0.039) and consistent declines in depression (p = 0.016) and anxiety scores (p = 0.0009) over time compared to controls. There were no differences between groups over time in measures of physical function and well-being. The composite score for caregiver distress was significantly lower among those in the intervention group (p = 0.019).
The psychoeducational intervention tested here demonstrated benefit in the reduction of caregiver psychological distress, depression, and anxiety.
The findings of this study demonstrated that psychoeducational interventions can be helpful to caregivers in reducing the psychological components of caregiver stress and burden. Educational and supportive interventions are low-risk and can be provided to caregivers in a variety of ways. Reducing caregiver burden can improve their well-being and permit the caregiver to be more effective in fulfilling care needs.
Lau, R.W., & Cheing, G.L. (2009). Managing postmastectomy lymphedema with low-level laser therapy. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 27(5), 763–769.
To investigate effects of low-level laser therapy in managing lymphedema
Women were randomly assigned to laser treatment or usual care. Subjects in the laser group received low-level laser therapy (LLLT) three times a week for four weeks to the axillary region. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline, after four weeks of treatment and again at a four-week follow-up.
The study took place in an outpatient setting in China.
The study used a single-blind, randomized controlled trial design.
In the laser group, arm volume decreased significantly (p = 0.000), whereas those in the control group had a significant increase at the four-week follow-up. Group differences were significant (p = 0.044) at the four-week follow-up time point. For the first month, there were no significant differences between groups. Over time, the laser group showed a significant increase in tonomety readings at some sites (p = 0.000), indicating less tissue hardness, while there were no changes in the control group. Mean DASH scorers decreased significantly from baseline in the laser group (p = 0.04). There were no significant changes in DASH scores in the control group.
Low-level laser treatment in the study appeared to improve subjective pain and disability, improve tissue tone, and reduce lymphedema.
Low-level laser therapy is promising for management of lymphedema postmastectomy.
Lasinski, B.B., McKillip Thrift, K., Squire, D., Austin, M.K., Smith, K.M., Wanchai, A., … Armer, J.M. (2012). A systematic review of the evidence for complete decongestive therapy in the treatment of lymphedema from 2004 to 2011. PM & R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation, 4(8), 580–601.
To analyze the evidence on complete decongestive therapy (CDT) as a bundled intervention for the treatment of lymphedema
A total of 5,927 references were found and evaluated using the Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) Putting Evidence Into Practice (PEP) Levels of Evidence.
The final review involved 27 studies, 14 reviews, and 2 consensus documents.
Patients were undergoing multiple treatment phases of care.
Most studies considered CDT as a bundled intervention. Follow-up studies showed that pain decreased with longer length of treatment as well as patient adherence. Results of one long-term study in 356 patients after one year correlated with adherence in using compression sleeves by day or bandaging at least three nights per week. Findings regarding the effect of MLD as a component of CDT were contradictory. Discrepancies may be because of differences in lymphedema measurement and variations in how MLD was applied by both technique and dosage. Studies of compression bandaging showed that no differences were found between high- and low-pressure bandaging and that low pressure was better tolerated. One study showed that up to 48% of pressure loss under the bandage because of limb volume reduction. Adherence to compression bandage use has a direct correlation with reduction in volumes.
CDT is effective in the management of lymphedema; however, the relative roles of the components of CDT are unclear. Levels of evidence in this area are seen to be weak. The role of patient adherence requires further examination.
CDT as a bundled intervention for lymphedema management appears to be effective. Patient adherence is a key component of treatment. Nurses need to educate and assist patients to maintain the use of compression garments and bandaging as prescribed to achieve effective lymphedema management. The evidence in this area is relatively weak, and further research continues to be needed. Research could benefit from more consistent definition and measurement approaches and examination of techniques for facial, breast, truncal, and genital lymphedema as well as effective risk reduction strategies. More standardization of treatment protocols would be helpful.
Larkin, P.J., Sykes, N.P., Centeno, C., Ellershaw, J.E., Elsner, F., Eugene, B., . . . European Consensus Group on Constipation in Palliative Care. (2008). The management of constipation in palliative care: Clinical practice recommendations. Palliative Medicine, 22, 796–807.
To raise awareness of constipation in palliative care; to provide guidance on the assessment, diagnosis, and management of constipation; and to encourage research in this area.
Databases searched were PubMed and the Cochrane Library (2001-2006).
Search keywords were constipation, laxatives, palliative care, terminal care, terminally ill, hospice, guidelines, recommendations, and systematic reviews.
Four publications were found for consideration. They were graded according to the UK National Service Framework for Long Term Conditions and the Oxford Quality Scale. A pan-European work group of healthcare professionals with experience in management of constipation in palliative care was assembled to debate and reach consensus on best practice.
Key approaches to the prevention of constipation include
Principles of treatment include
This guideline provides a practical algorithm for constipation management based on consensus, rather than actual evidence. Specific choices of oral laxatives are not recommended; however, substantial evidence-based information for comparison of available oral laxatives agents is given.
Larkin, D., Lopez, V., & Aromataris, E. (2013). Managing cancer-related fatigue in men with prostate cancer: A systematic review of non-pharmacological interventions. International Journal of Nursing Practice.
STUDY PURPOSE: To review the published evidence on non-pharmacologic interventions for fatigue in men with prostate cancer
TYPE OF STUDY: Meta-analysis and systematic review
DATABASES USED: PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Trials Register and Embase, PsychExtra, SIGLE, Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ClinicalTrials.gov, World Health Organisation International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, EU Clinical Trials Register, MedNar, and reference lists of articles included in review
KEYWORDS: key concepts of prostate cancer, fatigue, non-pharmacological and nursing management, and various interventions; detailed search for PubMed included as appendix
INCLUSION CRITERIA: Adult men older than 18 years with prostate cancer at any stage of treatment; non-pharmacologic interventions including exercise, exercise with diet and lifestyle modification, education, and cognitive behavioral therapy; comparison to other non-pharmacologic interventions or usual care; experimental studies; fatigue as primary outcome of interest using existing validated tools to measure
EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Not stated
TOTAL REFERENCES RETRIEVED = 1,480
EVALUATION METHOD AND COMMENTS ON LITERATURE USED: Two independent reviewers appraised studies; validity assessed with Johanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomised and Pseudo-Randomised Studies
PHASE OF CARE: Multiple phases of care
APPLICATIONS: Elder care
All studies were of high methodologic quality. Four out of five studies measuring physical activity found statistically significant fatigue reduction; the other study showed a trend toward fatigue reduction. Two studies concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy was effective in managing cancer-related fatigue. Two studies looking at education had mixed results. Brief nursing education was not significant in reducing fatigue, but intensive prostate-specific education was significant.
This report supports physical activity for managing cancer-related fatigue. Cognitive behavioral therapy and intensive focused education are also likely to be effective.
Nurses should continue to recommend physical activity for management of cancer-related fatigue. Cognitive behavioral therapy and intensive education may be considered.
Larkey, L.K., Roe, D.J., Weihs, K.L., Jahnke, R., Lopez, A.M., Rogers, C.E., . . . Guillen-Rodriguez, J. (2014). Randomized controlled trial of qigong/tai chi easy on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. Advance online publication.
To compare a meditative movement practice, Qigong/Tai Chi Easy (QG/TCE), with sham Qigong (SQG), testing the effects of the meditation/breath aspects of QG/TCE on breast cancer survivors’ persistent fatigue and other symptoms
Hour-long sessions held twice weekly taught breast cancer survivors QE/TCE or SQG for 12 weeks measuring the effect on fatigue, depression, and sleep. Participants were asked to practice at home at least 30 minutes per day.
This was a double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Fatigue was the primary outcome and sleep quality and depression were secondary outcomes.
Fatigue decreased in the QG/TCE group compared to the SQG group at postintervention and at the three-month follow-up (p = .024). However, fatigue declined significantly in both groups. Depression and sleep quality did not demonstrate improvement in the QG/TCE group compared to the SQG group at the post-intervention and at the three-month follow-up.
QG/TCE showed significant improvement over time compared to SQG for fatigue. Both groups showed improvement for fatigue, depression, and sleep dysfunction
Low-intensity exercise may be beneficial in reducing a number of symptoms and improving the well-being of cancer survivors. This study demonstrates that QG/TCE’s focus on meditative movement with a focus on breath appears to have an advantage for improving breast cancer survivors' persistent fatigue. A larger sample and longer intervention time is needed.
Lapid, M.I., Atherton, P.J., Kung, S., Sloan, J.A., Shahi, V., Clark, M.M., & Rummans, T.A. (2015). Cancer caregiver quality of life: Need for targeted intervention. Psycho-Oncology. Advance online publication.
To evaluate the effects of a structured, in-person, group multidisciplinary approach on several domains of quality of life (QOL) for patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers
The four-week intervention, tested previously in eight sessions, included six 90-minute sessions. Patients were invited to all six sessions, and caregivers were invited to four. Structured sessions targeted emotional, cognitive, physical, spiritual, and social domains of QOL. Every session opened with 15 minutes of physical therapy and closed with 15 minutes of relaxation therapy. Weekly topics included strategies to deal with health behavior and mood changes, radiation and chemotherapy effects, spirituality, social needs, record keeping, coping, exercise, quality of life, spiritual dimensions of disease, and communication with healthcare and support teams. Healthcare providers with diverse roles delivered the intervention. Ten brief telephone counseling sessions over a period of 20 weeks followed the four-week intervention. Patient/caregiver dyads were evaluated at baseline, four weeks postintervention, 27 weeks postintervention, and 52 weeks postintervention.
Randomized, controlled trial
At four weeks postintervention, statistically significant differences in favor of the intervention arm were found for the LASA spiritual well-being domain (p = 0.0.048), the POMS vigor and activity subscale (p = 0.02), the POMS fatigue and inertia subscale (p = 0.02), the POMS total score (p = 0.02), and the CQOLC adaptation domain (p = 0.02). Durability was found at 27 weeks only for improvements in the POMS fatigue and inertia subscale (p = 0.01). At 27 weeks postintervention, the intervention group showed improvement over the standard care group in the CQOLC disruptiveness domain (p = 0.049) and the CQOLC financial concerns domain (p = 0.02). Although levels of significance did not appear, study results were similar at 52 weeks.
Although caregivers showed improvements in a few specific QOL domains assessed in this study, this comprehensive multidisciplinary intervention did not affect overall caregiver QOL. Continued study to identify and evaluate specific, tailored interventions focused on improving cancer caregiver QOL is needed.
Continued research focused on dyadic (patient/caregiver) versus individualized caregiver interventions may offer insight into optimal ways to meet caregiver QOL needs. Conceptually defined and structured mixed methods approaches (qualitative and quantitative) could define components of tailored interventions to minimize caregiver burden and emotional distress that affect caregiver well-being.
Laoutidis, Z.G., & Mathiak, K. (2013). Antidepressants in the treatment of depression/depressive symptoms in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 140.
To quantify the overall effect of antidepressants in the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with cancer
TYPE OF STUDY: Meta-analysis and systematic review
DATABASES USED: PubMed and Cochrane library
KEYWORDS: Depressive or depression and cancer
INCLUSION CRITERIA: Double-blind randomized trials, presence of depression or depressive symptoms in patients with cancer determined by diagnostic criteria or depression rating scale, primary outcome was reduction in severity of depressive symptoms, published between 1980–2010
EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Not specified
TOTAL REFERENCES RETRIEVED: N = 5,959
EVALUATION METHOD AND COMMENTS ON LITERATURE USED: Cochrane collaboration tool for risk of bias
Six trials compared antidepressants to placebo. In head-to-head comparison trials, fluoxetine was not superior to desipramine, no difference was seen between paroxetine and amitryptiline, and mirtazapine had a greater effect than imipramine. Overall effect size in meta-analysis was RR = 1.56 (95% CI 1.07 = 2.28, p = .021) in favor of antidepressants. Only three studies reported the number of patients with side effects, and many studies had a lot of missing data and high dropout rates or low samples.
Findings suggest that antidepressants are beneficial for depression and depressive symptoms in patients with cancer. However, the strength of this finding is limited due to limitations in studies included in this meta-analysis.
A low volume of studies was included. Average risk of study bias was unclear. Differing depression scales and criteria for depression response were used across studies. Most studies had small sample sizes for analysis. Study duration ranged from five weeks to six months.
This analysis provides some support for effectiveness of antidepressants in treatment of depression and depressive symptoms in patients with cancer. Nurses need to be aware of adverse side effects of antidepressants that may make other symptoms worse, such as nausea and cognitive impairment. Most studies reviewed did not analyze antidepressant side effects, so the real tolerability of antidepressants in patients with cancer is not clear. Patients may benefit from antidepressants but need to be monitored for side effects of this treatment.