Clark, M., Isaacks-Downton, G., Wells, N., Redlin-Frazier, S., Eck, C., Hepworth, J. T., & Chakravarthy, B. (2006). Use of preferred music to reduce emotional distress and symptom activity during radiation therapy. Journal of Music Therapy, 43, 247–265.

DOI Link

Intervention Characteristics/Basic Study Process

The music-listening intervention included preferred music and recommended relaxation techniques (e.g., progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, and positive self-talk). Sessions were guided by a music therapist on a 90-minute cassette. Frequency of listening (dose) varied, but duration was not reported.

Sample Characteristics

  • The sample was comprised of 63 patients with cancer at varied stages undergoing curative radiotherapy (mean age = 57.8 years).
  • Of the patients, 61.9% were male and 85.7% were non-Hispanic White.
  • Patients were included if they were aged 18 years or older, were receiving at least three radiotherapy treatments, and were able to read English.
  • Patients were excluded if they had a documented psychiatric illness, cognitive impairment, or current treatment for a brain tumor.

Setting

The study was conducted at a comprehensive cancer center, including a Veteran's Administration facility.

Phase of Care and Clinical Applications

Not specified

Study Design

This was a randomized trial in which patients were assigned to one of the two groups:  the music therapy group (n = 35) or the control group (n = 28).

Measurement Instruments/Methods

  • Profile of Mood States (POMS), fatigue and vigor subscales combined
  • Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
  • Distress Numeric rating scale
  • Pain Numeric Rating Scale
  • Measures were taken weekly.

Results

Fatigue increased from baseline to the end of treatment for both groups. No significant difference in intervention effects was observed. Fatigue, depression, pain, or anxiety showed a significant relation between frequency of listening and emotional distress. Higher use of music was associated with greater reduction in treatment-related stress.

Limitations

  • The study had a small sample size.
  • Variable listening dose and relaxation are both confounding factors with music therapy.

Nursing Implications

Referral to a music therapist is necessary for the delivery of the intervention.